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This webpage lists a number of reports/papers relating to Standby and these are available, either by download from this page, or via a direct link to relevant site. The files are generally in PDF format (Adobe Acrobat Reader is required) and these files are compressed using Winzip.

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The NAEEEC STANDBY POWER FORUM was held August 15, 2002 at the Millennium Hotel, Sydney, Australia. Click here to view agenda & download presentations of this meeting.

Australia's Standby Power Plan - A long-term strategy to achieve Australai's One-Watt Goal 2002 to 2012 - a discussion paper.
Prepared by NAEEEC, July 2002. The strategy describes government proposals to transparently identify those products targeted for attention and provides a realistic timeframe in which to achieve change. The proposed strategy also describes governments' agenda in this field and explains the proposed processes for addressing that agenda. It includes the type of measures being proposed and the processes being proposed to identify, implement and communicate standby proposals for specific products.
Download Australia's Standby Power Plan



Appliance Standby Power Consumption: Store Survey 2002- Executive Summary and main report.
Prepared by Energy Efficient Strategies and EnergyConsult for the National Appliance and Equipment Energy Efficiency Committee, June 2002. This report summarises the results of in-store standby measurements for some 635 new household appliances which were undertaken in February 2002.
Download Appliance Standby Power Consumption: Store Survey 2002 - Exec Summary
Download Appliance Standby Power Consumption: Store Survey 2002 - Main Report



Quantification of residential standby power consumption in Australia - 2001
Results of recent survey work by Lloyd Harrington of Energy Efficient Strategies and Paul Kleverlaan of EnergyConsult. Project for the National Appliance and Equipment Energy Efficiency Committee: Final Report April 29, 2001. Provides results of an intrusive survey where measurements on 2,500 appliances were undertaken in 64 houses in Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane. The report also includes results of measurements on 531 new appliances in retail outlets and results of a telephone survey of 801 households in Australia which documents information on appliance ownership, age and usage patterns.
Download Residential Standby Power Consumption in Australia



IEC Standard 62301: Measurement of Standby Power. International Electrotechnical Commission.
IEC Technical Committee 59 - Working Group 9 on standby. COMMITTEE DRAFT; 12 July 2002.
Download IEC Draft Test Method for Standby



Ref #1 - Global Implications of Standby Power Use, Benoit Lebot (IEA), Alan Meier (LBL), Alain Anglade (ADEME).
Aims to provide an estimate of the global consumption of electricity due to standby power and the CO2 emissions generated as a result. The paper summarises the estimated standby power consumption from nine different countries and then used bottom up estimates to calculate standby for 29 OECD countries (representing 65% of the world's electricity use and 54% of CO2 emissions). The results showed that 2.2% of the total electricity consumption of OECD countries is standby, representing 0.8% (102 Million Tons) of CO2 emissions.
Download Global Implications of Standby Power Use.



Ref #2 - Standby Power Consumption - Developing a National Strategy, National Appliance and Equipment Energy Efficiency Committee (NAEEEC), Australia.
Paper aims to inform industry and other stakeholders of recent decisions concerning standby power in Australia and seek feedback on a proposed national strategy to address standby and its impact on greenhouse gas emissions. The paper reports on the outcomes from a stakeholder forum hosted by the Australian Greenhouse Office, SEDA and NEECA in March 2000 on standby power.
Go to www.greenhouse.gov.au to obtain file



Ref #3 - The Standby Power Waste Initiative (Note by the IEA Secretariat) Standby Power Initiative - Report from the January 2000 Workshop, IEA Secretariat.
The document provides a summary of the outcomes from the 2nd International Workshop on Standby Power in Brussels on 17 and 18 January 2000. In brief, the outcomes included: there is a growing concern to reduce standby power consumption as evidenced by the recent policy development initiatives in many countries, a consensus on the definition of standby power is achieved, more technological solutions are available to reduce standby power, IEA should play a key role to facilitate industry-government dialogue on standby and promote policies to address the issue.
Electronic version not available at this stage



Ref #4 - Approach to Reduce Standby Power in Japan, Takeo Ijuin, Agency of Natural Resources and Energy, MITI, Japan.
APEC Presentation from Japan, outlining targets for energy efficiency of products and year in which target is to be achieved. Provides an overview of the efforts to reduce standby power consumption in Japan including a summary of a survey of standby power consumption in 50 households in Japan and an equipment usage survey in 1000 households conducted by the Energy Conservation Centre in Japan. Also includes a summary of technological developments to reduce standby power and effect on electricity usage in households with the installation of energy consumption indicators in households.
Download Approach to Reduce Standby Power in Japan



Ref #5 - Energy Saving Office Equipment & Home Electronic Program in Korea, Kim, Yung-Rae, Korea Energy Management Corporation, Korea.
Presentation on Korea's Energy-saving office equipment and home electronics program. Has participation from 38 manufacturers and produced savings of 2,184GWh in 1999. Covers incentives, procedures, targeted equipment and energy reduction targets.
Download Energy Saving Office Equipment & Home Electronic Program in Korea



Ref #6 - Standby Power Consumption of TV and VTR - Definition of modes and measuring methods: EACEM Technical Report No. 21, European Association of Consumer Electronics Manufacturers (EACEM).
Document defining standby mode in TVs and VCRs, the means for measuring standby power and suggests measuring methods for power consumption in standby in IEC 60107-1
Electronic version not available at this stage



Ref #7 - Methods of measurement of the power consumption of audio, video and related equipment, European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC).
Draft European Standard for the methods of measurement for the power consumption of TVs, VCRs, set top boxes, audio equipment and multi function equipment
Download Methods of measurement of the power consumption of audio, video and related equipment



Ref #8 - APEC 16th EGEE&C Reference 1 - Information and data on energy conservation collected and provided by ECCJ, The Energy Conservation Centre, Japan (ECCJ).
Provides example data collected on standby power usage of TV sets sold in Japan, improvements in energy efficiency since 1990 and range of power consumption in TV sets. Includes a summary of the Metering System to measure electricity, gas and water consumption costs in households as an energy conservation measure and results obtained in 1998 FY.
Electronic version not available at this stage



Ref #9 - The Leaking Electricity Initiative: An International Action to Reduce Standby Power Waste of Electrical Equipment, Benoit Lebot.
Paper on IEA initiate to stimulate the energy efficiency effort in electrical appliances sold in IEA Member countries. Summarises background on standby power, existing technical solutions to improving standby consumption in appliances, policy options to coordinate an international effort to reduce standby and existing initiatives in EU countries and Japan and the US.
Download The Leaking Electricity Initiative



Ref #10 - Assessing CO2 from Standby Power in OECD Countries, Edgard Bossoken, Oliver Lenci.
Draft Paper presenting scenarios on share of CO2 emissions of appliances in standby mode in OECD countries and consumption of power from appliances in standby mode.
Electronic version not available at this stage



Ref #11 - Power Supply and Load Reduction Technology Options for Audio Equipment Manufacturers to Meet the Energy Star Specification, Stephen Bristow, The Cadmus Group Inc.
Presents eight designs for power delivery that meet the specification of 1 watt for the Energy Star Audio and DVD Program.
Go to www.epa.gov to obtain file



Ref #12 - IEA Standby Power Initiative - Conclusion of Task Force 1: Definitions and Terminology of Standby Power, IEA Taskforce.
Document provides an agreed definition for standby power as agreed by participants of Task Force 1 during a two day meeting in Washington on 17 and 18 November 1999.
Go to www.eetd.lbl.gov to obtain file



Ref #13 - Draft IEC 62018 Ed. 1: Energy Management Requirements. Safety and Energy Efficiency of IT Equipment, IEC TC74 Working Group 9.
Draft paper prescribing the evaluation procedures used to measure power consumption of information technology equipment. It describes the measuring equipment to be used and the testing conditions. Also provides various definitions of operation for IT equipment.
Download Draft IEC 62018 Ed. 1: Energy Management Requirements.



Ref #14 - International Action to Reduce Standby Power Waste from Electrical Equipment, Benoit Lebot, International Energy Agency.
Provides a summary of the IEA January 2000 workshop on Standby Power. The document summarises the outcomes of the workshop and future initiatives for addressing standby power as part of an international effort.
Electronic version not available at this stage



Ref #15 - Whole-House Measurements of Standby Power Consumption, Ross, J.P. (University of California) & Meier, Alan (LBL).
Paper presents results from a survey of standby power consumption of 10 Californian homes. The study estimates that replacement of existing appliances with those that use 1W or less of standby power would reduce standby losses in homes by 68%.
Download Whole-House Measurements of Standby Power Consumption.



Ref #16 - Power Consumption Target Values for Electrical and Electronic Equipment, Rolf Schmitz.
Paper on the results of a 1994 voluntary agreement between the Swiss Federal Govt and equipment manufacturers on the reduction of energy consumption. The paper provides actual figures on what targets have been achieved in the Swiss market in relation to standby power reduction.
Download Power Consumption Target Values.



Ref #17 - Code of Conduct on Efficiency of External Power Supplies, European Commission.
Code of conduct for which aims to minimise no-load losses of external power supplies in the input power range 0.3W to 75W. The code outlines the measurement methods (based upon prEN50301).
Download Code of Conduct on Efficiency of External Power Supplies.



Ref #18 - Award Criteria for the Energy Label, Energy 2000 Energy Label (Switzerland).
For each type of equipment, the document provides a criteria for labelling and testing. Where applicable, definitions on equipment operation variations are provided.
Download Summary of Award Criteria for the Energy Label
Download Detail of Award Criteria for the Energy Label
or
Go to www.gealabel.org to obtain file



Ref #19 - Energy Use of US Consumer Electronics at the End of the 20th Century, Rosen, Karen (LBL) & Meier, Alan (LBL).
Paper provides a summary of energy usage from major consumer electronic appliances in homes in the US. Energy consumption was measured in all of the operational modes of the appliance. Home office equipment is also measured. Consumption data was calculated using ownership surveys and recent sales data. Active usage data was based on consumer surveys.
Download Energy Use of US Consumer Electronics at the End of the 20th Century.



Ref #20 - Final Report to the Department of Energy - Energy Use of Home Audio Products in the US, Karen Rosen & Alan Meier.
A bottom-up analysis of home audio equipment using stock and usage estimates from secondary sources and LBL power measurements. Findings showed that the combined energy consumption of standby, idle and ply modes of home audio equipment was 20 TWh/y (or 1.8% of the 1998 national residential electricity consumption). Standby power requirement from home audio equipment accounted for 34% (6.6 TWh/yr) of audio electricity use.
Go to eetd.lbl.gov/Leaking/articles.html to obtain file



Ref #21 - Final Report to the US Department of Energy - Energy Use of Televisions and Video Cassette Recorders in the US, Karen Rosen & Alan Meier.
Using ownership and usage statistics from media research and power statistics from nearly 500 recent power measurements, the current energy use of residential TVs and VCRs in the US was estimated. Findings indicated that TVs and VCRs comprise 3.6% of US residential electricity consumption. The average standby power consumption from TVs was found to be 4.5 watts and for VCRs standby power was found to be 5.9 watts on average.
Go to eetd.lbl.gov/Leaking/articles.html to obtain file



Ref #22 - The 1998 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings - Reducing Leaking Electricity to 1 Watt, Alan Meier, Wolfgang Huber and Karen Rosen.
Specific opportunities for reducing standby losses in electronic appliances were examined and findings indicated that nearly all standby functions could be performed with a total appliance standby power consumption of 1 watt or less. The study found that this target could be achieved with little or no extra cost to manufacturers and power savings would lead to a significant reduction in carbon emissions.
Go to eetd.lbl.gov/Leaking/articles.html to obtain file



Ref #23 - The 1997 EU Conference on Home Appliances - Results from the Investigations on Leaking Electricity in the USA, Alan Meier, Wolfgang Huber.
Paper presents measurements of standby energy consumption of appliances in the residential sector in the US. It also presents technical options for reducing standby electricity from appliances and advocates that standby losses from appliances be reduced to less than 1 watt.
Go to eetd.lbl.gov/Leaking/articles.html to obtain file



Ref #24 - Squeeze Watts from your Imbedded Design, Warren Webb.
Article encourages hardware designers to consider benefits of low-power design to reduce product energy requirements and lower consequential environmental impact.
Go to eetd.lbl.gov/Leaking/articles.html to obtain file



Ref #25 - Drop by Drop, "Green" Design Saves Buckets of AC Power, Bill Schweber.
Educational article on the significant amount of "wasted" power attributed to household appliances in standby mode. Provides information on those technologies that can reduce power consumption at a lower cost to build and operate than existing designs.
Go to eetd.lbl.gov/Leaking/articles.html to obtain file



Ref #26 - Reducing Leaking Electricity, Alan Meier and Karen Olsen.
Short article providing explanation of standby power, extent of problem and strategies for reduction of standby power from appliances.
Go to eetd.lbl.gov/Leaking/articles.html to obtain file



Ref #27 - Appliances that Leak Electricity and How to Plug them, Allan Chen.
Short article that presents findings on standby energy usage as reported by Berkeley Lab. Describes standby and actions to reduce standby power usage from appliances.
Go to eetd.lbl.gov/Leaking/articles.html to obtain file



Ref #28 - Must We Pull the Plug? New programs aim to cut the juice drawn by leaky appliances, Janet Raloff.
Short article that summarises findings from Lawrence Berkeley Lab on extent of standby power usage from household appliances.
Go to eetd.lbl.gov/Leaking/articles.html to obtain file



Ref #29 - Fact Sheet on Potential Buildings Sector Savings, President Clinton's Proposal on Global Climate Change.
Advocates adopting best electricity engineering practices in the design of electronic equipment to reduce standby power usage.
Go to eetd.lbl.gov/Leaking/articles.html to obtain file



Ref #30 - You Wont Find These Leaks with a Blower Door: The Latest in Leaking Electricity in Homes, Leo Rainer, Steve Greenberg, Alan Meier.
An early article on standby that examines a variety of strategies for reducing standby power consumption from appliances. National standards are recommended as a guaranteed means for reducing standby power consumption.
Go to eetd.lbl.gov/Leaking/articles.html to obtain file



Ref #31 - Wasted Watts, Barry Fox.
Specifically addresses the impact of standby power from set top boxes used to receive digital images in Britain. Increase in power consumption from digital TV is estimated to be 500 MW (or 1% of the country's peak power consumption).
Go to eetd.lbl.gov/Leaking/articles.html to obtain file



Ref #32 - Standing Consumption in Households: State of the art possibilities for reduction for home electronics, Hans-Paul Siderius.
Article provides a summary of the issues surrounding standby energy use from household electronic appliances and examines market trends for VCRs, stereos, TVs and decoders. Technical possibilities for reducing standby consumption are presented and initiatives for reducing standby consumption are discussed.
Go to eetd.lbl.gov/Leaking/articles.html to obtain file



Ref #33 - Waste While Standing By, Press Release German Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt).
Presents results from the German Federal Environment Agency Study that indicated 11% of electricity consumed in German households and offices is attributed to appliances running in standby. The press release presents behavioural modifications and technological options for reducing standby in home appliances.
Go to eetd.lbl.gov/Leaking/articles.html to obtain file



Ref #34 - Standby Me (Efficiently), Richard J. Babyak.
Reports findings from Lawrence Berkeley Lab on standby power usage from appliances in the US. The article presents the views of manufacturers on the standby power issue. It suggests that voluntary programs such as EPA Energy Star as well as market forces will encourage manufacturers to reduce standby power usage rather than mandatory regulations.
Go to eetd.lbl.gov/Leaking/articles.html to obtain file



Ref #35 - Standby Power, Appliance Manufacturer Magazine.
Presents outcome of discussion panel on standby power arranged for the 51st International Appliance Technical Conference.
Go to eetd.lbl.gov/Leaking/articles.html to obtain file



Ref #36 - EACEM Voluntary Agreement on the Reduction of Standby Power Consumption for CTV & VCR - Final Report on 1998 Figures, EACEM.
Reports on progress of EACEM agreement with manufacturers to reduce standby consumption on TVs and VCRs. Document indicates that a reduction in the average power consumption is being achieved.
Download EACEM Voluntary Agreement.



Ref #37 - EC SAVE Report - Analysis of Energy Consumption and Efficiency Potential for TVs in on-mode, B.P.F. Huenges Wajer, P.J.S. Siderius.
The report presents the findings from a study into the potential energy savings from TVs in on-mode. Technical/economic, market and impact analyses were undertaken as part of the study. The study investigated ways in which energy savings could be realised, including behavioural changes and policy options and made recommendations on the most appropriate means for reducing energy consumption in on-mode.
Download EC SAVE Report.



Ref #38 - Study of Standby Losses and Energy Savings Potential for Television and Video Recorder Sets in Europe (Part B), NOVEM.
The report examines the savings potential and the necessary policy options and impacts for reducing standby power consumption from TVs and VCRs in Europe. The policy options focused on in the study included voluntary agreements with manufacturers, procurement programs to encourage development of efficient models and consumer information schemes.
Download Study of Standby Losses and Energy Savings Potential.



Ref #39 - Criteria for Participation in GEA Energy Label Program, Group for Efficient Appliances.
Site specifies the required criteria on standby power usage for appliances to be included under the GEA Energy Label.
Go to www.gealabel.org/criteria.htm to obtain file



Ref #40 - Energy Relevant Issues of Consumer Electronics, P.J.S. Siderius.
The report covers the energy consequences of trends in increasing numbers of electronic appliances in homes and provides information on measurement methods for power consumption. The report provides a summary of energy related issues per appliance category and discusses possible solutions.
Download Energy Relevant Issues of Consumer Electronics.



Ref #41 - Testing Guidelines (Protocol) for the Energy Star Home Electronics Program, US EPA.
The guideline is actually a protocol used for testing appliances. The Guidelines outline the ambient test conditions for performing power measurements, the specifications for testing equipment and the test methods. The document also outlines responsibilities and requirements for continuing verification.
Go to www.epa.gov/appdstar/home_electronics/ to obtain file



Ref #42 - Commitment By the Consumer Electronics Industry on Reducing energy Consumption in Standby by Televisions and Video Recorders, NOVEM for EACEM.
Document outlines the targets for reducing standby and monitoring and reporting requirements for those participating manufacturers that commit to the agreement. The testing procedures are based on IEC 100A/5/FDIS.
Download Reducing energy Consumption in Standby by Televisions and Video Recorders.



Ref #43 - European Commission Communication to the Council and the European Parliament on Policy Instruments to Reduce Standby Losses of Consumer Electronic Equipment, European Commission.
The paper presents and discusses the policy options available for reducing the energy consumption from appliances in standby mode. Negotiated agreements with manufacturers is given priority for further investigation. Regulation is not excluded and labelling is offered for consideration provided that is it coherent with the existing EU Eco-label.
Go to www.iea.org/ to obtain file



Ref #44 - Memorandum of Understanding between US EPA and Manufacturers, US EPA Energy Star Program.
In 1997 the EPA introduced the first Energy Star program aimed at reducing standby power in home electronics. Programs now exist for TVs, VCRs, TV/VCR combos, DVD players, Audio Equipment and set-top boxes are soon to be included to the program. Program participants are required to sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that defines the agreement between participants and the EPA and this site contains the MOUs and Energy Star standby power limits for each appliance type.
Go to www.epa.gov to obtain file



Ref #45 - IEA Standby Power Initiative - Outcome of Task Force III Workshop on Policies to Address Standby Power, May 2000, International Energy Agency.
Presents the minutes from the Task Force III workshop where the objective was to discuss a long-term vision for policies to address standby power and to propose next steps. The recommended approach included the development of an international framework for policies on reducing standby power, encouragement of manufacturers to reduce standby to the lowest level, the development of flexible and dynamic policies, encouragement of power management techniques and inclusion of standby in all test-protocols and energy efficiency policies.
Go to www.iea.org/ to obtain file



Ref #46 - EU Memorandum on the Reduction of Standby Power Consumption for CTV and VCR - Final Report on 1999 Figures, EACEM.
Reports on progress of EACEM agreement with manufacturers to reduce standby consumption on TVs and VCRs. Document indicates that there has been a reduction in the average power consumption since 1998. In 1999, 90% of CTVs and 93.3% of VCRs met the 10W target set in the agreement.
Download EU Memorandum on the Reduction of Standby Power Consumption for CTV and VCR.